甘肃河西地区盐碱地野生药用植物资源

甘肃河西地区盐碱地野生药用植物资源丰富,主要有50种,隶属于21科40属。针对当地农业生产状况,应合理开发利用盐生药用植物资源。     

毛乌素沙地典型地形断面土壤水分动态

基于毛乌素沙地的野外观测资料,对毛乌素沙地典型地形断面土壤水分动态进行分析。结果表明,土壤水分季节变化可划分为土壤水积聚期、消耗期和稳定期;根据土壤水分垂直变化可把土壤剖面划分为土壤水分易变层、利用层和调节层;沿着坡度减小的方向,各地形断面对应层次的土壤水分含量逐渐升高,丘间地土壤水分含量明显高于该断面上其余各点。     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对苗木生长及生理的影响

在盆栽条件下,对不同保水剂处理的土壤吸持水特性以及云南拟单性木兰和绒叶含笑苗的水分生理、生长状况进行试验研究。结果表明,随着保水剂用量的增加,土壤保水能力和供水能力增加,苗木在有限水分条件下生存期延长3-91 d,地径、树高、新增叶片分别增加了16.7％-461.2％,22.7％-368.2％,42.9％-372.7％;随着保水剂用量增加,土壤容重下降了6.2％-35.1％,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度明显增加了3.6％-20.3％和5.9％-22.6％;在有限水分条件下,通过不同保水剂处理能减少水分的胁迫,净光合速率增长8.9％-461.2％,蒸腾速率增长了22.2％-518.7％,气孔导度增长了4.2％-512.5％。     

西安白鹿塬约85OO年来土壤侵蚀研究

本文根据作者的观察和测量，对西安市白鹿塬塬区的土壤侵蚀状况进行了研究。研究表明，白鹿塬塬区确定土壤侵蚀的主要依据是土层厚度的变化，并非侵蚀面。塬区侵蚀是塬边侵蚀较强，向塬里侵蚀逐渐减弱。塬面上高地侵蚀弱，低地侵蚀强，暂时性线状流水长期汇集而成的冲沟对黄土塬区土壤的侵蚀更加强烈。气候对土壤侵蚀也有影响，冷干和温湿气候均会产生土壤侵蚀，冷干期侵蚀量比温湿期大，前者侵蚀厚度比后者大7倍多。     

新疆盐碱地种植耐盐小麦土壤盐分的变化

新疆干旱区有大量盐碱地 ,很大程度上限制农业的可持续发展。盐碱的利用改良和水资源的高效利用的研究 ,面临巨大的挑战。盐碱地上种植耐盐小麦既有生产效益 ,又有改良土壤盐渍化作用。在传统灌溉管理下 ,当土壤原始盐分 2 .0 %时 ,在壤质土壤上种植耐盐小麦 1— 2年 0— 40cm土层盐分可降到 0 .8%。在粘壤土、壤土土质的土壤中 ,种植耐盐小麦 5年时 ,0— 1 0 0cm土层盐分可降到 0 .5 % ;种植 7年后 ,0— 1 0 0cm土层盐分降到 0 .2 %左右 ,且在以后种植条件下 ,土壤盐分趋于平衡状态 ,变化很小。种植耐盐小麦引起的盐分变化 ,灌溉水为主要作用 ,以至经多年种植 ,土壤表现为脱盐碱化现象。     

不同覆盖方式对旱地玉米田土壤环境及玉米产量的影响

分析普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖及露地栽培3种不同处理对旱地玉米田土壤环 境、玉米产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤环境,降低土壤容重,提高土壤 水分利用率,调节土温、湿度,协调水热资源利用的同步性;秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特 别是速效钾含量;在玉米生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能,提高玉米的光合能力从而 防止玉米早衰,增加穗重,提高玉米产量。     

禽大肠杆菌高密度发酵与溶氧关系的研究

利用GUJS—10C小型发酵罐分批培养禽大肠杆菌，通过平板计数、比浊计数的方法，对大肠杆菌高密度发酵中细菌生长与溶氧的关系进行分析。结果表明：溶氧的规律性变化能够反映大肠杆菌生长的规律，即在细菌生长的适应期细菌数量较少，耗氧量少，溶氧曲线最高；随着发酵时间的增加，细菌不断增多，耗氧量也随之增加，溶氧曲线下降；达到对数生长期，曲线最低；进入稳定期，曲线趋于平稳；到发酵后期，细菌进入衰老期，溶氧曲线略有上升，这时可终止发酵。     

Effect of recent cropping history and herbicide use on the degradation rates of isoproturon in soils

Five soil samples were taken from each of five fields with different crop management histories. Three of the fields were in an arable rotation, the fourth field was temporary grassland, and the final field was under permanent grass. Of the three arable fields, two had been cropped with winter wheat in three of the preceding 6 years, and the third had last been cropped with winter wheat once only, 6 years previously. With one exception, the winter wheat had been sprayed with the herbicide isoproturon. The rate of isoproturon degradation in laboratory incubations was strongly related to the previous management practices. In the five soils from the field that had been treated most regularly with isoproturon in recent years, <2.5% of the initial dose remained after 14 days, indicating considerable enhancement of degradation. In the soils from the field with two applications of the herbicide in the past 6 years, residues after 27 days varied from 5% to 37% of the amount applied. In soils from the other three sites, residue levels were less variable, and were inversely related to microbial biomass. In studies with selected soils from the field that had received three applications of isoproturon in the previous 6 years, kinetics of degradation were not first‐order but were indicative of microbial adaptation, and the average time to 50% loss of the herbicide (DT₅₀) was 7.5 days. In selected soils from the field that had received just one application of isoproturon, degradation followed first‐order kinetics, indicative of cometabolism. Pre‐incubation of isoproturon in soil from the five fields led to significant enhancement of degradation only in the samples from the two fields that had a recent history of isoproturon application.     

The effect of sowing date, stale seedbed, row width and mechanical weed control on weeds and yields of organic winter wheat

Three field experiments were carried out in organically grown winter wheat in Denmark. The treatments were sowing time (normal or late sowing) and false seedbed, row width (12 and 24 cm) and weed control method [untreated; mechanical weed control (weed harrowing at 12 cm supplemented with inter‐row hoeing at 24 cm); and herbicide weed control]. Weed biomass in midsummer was greatest on plots sown at the normal sowing time (compared with delayed sowing) and was reduced by mechanical or chemical weed control (compared with untreated plots). Row width alone had no influence on weed biomass, but in the experiment with high weed pressure, the more intensive mechanical weed control used at a row width of 24 cm reduced weed biomass. Normal sowing time tended to give higher yields, but this was only statistically significant in one of the three experiments. Wide rows gave a yield decrease in the experiment with low weed pressure. The effect of weed control on yield was dependent on the weed pressure. At low weed pressure, mechanical weed control caused a yield decrease compared with untreated or herbicide treated. At intermediate weed levels there were no differences, whereas at high weed pressure, mechanical weed control and herbicide treatment caused a yield increase compared with untreated. False seedbeds were shown to contribute to a decrease in the soil seed reserve.     

江河源区披碱草和星星草混播草地土壤物理性状对牦牛放牧强度的响应

在江河源区披碱草Elymus natans 星星草Puccinellia tenuflora混播人工草地上研究了牦牛放牧强度对土壤物理性状的影响,2年的试验结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,不同土壤层含水量均呈降低趋势,土壤容重、土壤坚实度呈增大趋势.相关分析表明, 放牧强度与不同土壤层含水量呈极显著的负相关(P＜0.01), 与土壤容重和坚实度呈极显著的正相关(P＜0.01),而且土壤容重和坚实度均具有累积效应.